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A vision for industry on the Moon

Credits: Michael Nayak / Air University Press

Air University Press, the academic publisher of the U.S. Air Force, this last July published the The Commercial Lunar Economy Field Guide: A Vision for Industry on the Moon in the Next Decade, edited by Michael Nayak. The document presents a revolutionary blueprint for the transformation of the Moon from a scientific curiosity into a vibrant, self-sustaining industrial marketplace in the 2030s. Central to this vision is DARPA’s 10-Year Lunar Architecture (LunA-10) initiative, which seeks to establish integrated, interoperable infrastructure that lowers the barrier to entry for all lunar users. This may help with execution of the Trump Administration’s recent Executive Order (EO) which aims to establish a space policy “… that will extend the reach of human discovery, secure the Nation’s vital economic and security interests, unleash commercial development, and lay the foundation for a new space age”. The Field Guide and the EO are not perfectly aligned but the former provides an architectural blueprint to implement the strategic mandate prescribed by the latter. The EO provides the authority and deadlines (e.g., returning to the Moon by 2028), while the Field Guide provides the technical and economic pathways (LunA-10) to achieve those goals in a manner that will add value for taxpayers. While diving into the specifics of the Field Guide, along the way I’ll highlight how it will help implement the EO.

A Strategic Vision Beyond Unsustainable Symbolism

For decades, lunar exploration has followed a “Flags and Footprints” paradigm—symbolic, government-funded missions that are entirely self-reliant, bringing every gram of power, water, and data storage from Earth. The Field Guide argues that this approach, while scientifically valuable and a display of national pride, is economically unsustainable at the current “million-dollar-per-kilogram” cost of delivery. This is in alignment with the EO which calls for enhancing cost-effectiveness of exploration architectures while establishing initial elements of a permanent lunar outpost by 2030 to ensure a sustained American presence on the Moon, which will lay the groundwork for the exploration of Mars.

The Role of LunA-10

LunA-10 serves as a catalyst to seed the foundational nodes of a future economy on the Moon and in cislunar space. Similar to how DARPA fostered development of the internet and GPS, LunA-10 identifies “scalable nodes” where government investment can accelerate commercial capability. The goal is to move toward a model where NASA and commercial industry can purchase utilities—like power and data—as services, rather than owning the hardware.

Four Economic Ages of the Moon

The Field Guide identifies four distinct stages of development for the lunar economy:

  1. The Exploration Age (2025–2030): Characterized by one-of-a-kind, government-backed missions. Infrastructure is limited, confined to individual landers which are non-extendable.
  2. The Foundational Age: An era of “trail-building” where lunar surface transportation infrastructure is built out and users begin to subscribe to pilot services for power and communications.
  3. The Industrial Age (Target: 2035): Scaling through commoditization. Multi-service hubs provide consolidated thermal and power management, and large-scale manufacturing begins.
  4. The Jet Age: A state of self-sufficiency where In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) will produce services such a propellent depots (lunar hydrogen and oxygen) to enable frequent, low-cost “rocket hop” transport across the lunar surface, servicing permanent settlements and supporting missions headed for deep space.

Pillars of Commercial Lunar Infrastructure

To achieve this vision, the Field Guide details several critical technology sectors that must transition from their experimental phases to full scale industrialization.

Power and Thermal as a Service

In the Exploration Age, not being able to survive the 14-day lunar night is a primary mission-killer. LunA-10 proposes Infrastructure Hubs—massive solar power towers, some taller than the Statue of Liberty, placed at the peaks of eternal light at the Moon’s south pole, a concept that SSP has explored previously. Here is where the Field Guide diverges a bit from the EO, as the latter calls for surface nuclear reactors as a source of reliable power, prioritizing this initiative to be implemented by 2030. The authors of the Lunar Power chapter were operating under the assumption that NASA’s nuclear Fission Surface Power project would not produce hardware soon based on current TRLs, so this source of power was outside the LunA-10 timeline. Of course solar power could be complementary to nuclear power sources. With this approach these hubs would include:

  • Multi-Service Nodes: The power towers do more than collect solar energy; they serve as “Swiss army knives,” on the Moon providing wireless power transmission, communication relays, and hosting Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) signals.
  • Thermal Microgrids: Just as Earth-based buildings use central HVAC systems, lunar thermal hubs will manage heat for multiple users. They can recycle waste heat from high-energy activities (like mining) to keep nearby robotic assets warm during the lunar night, significantly reducing the mass each mission must carry for thermal survival. This aligns with the EO’s call to deploy nuclear reactors on the Moon which will need to dissipate waste heat that can be put to use.

Logistics: The Lunar Rail Network

Transportation is the lifeblood of any economy. Initially, lunar rovers will be slow and inefficient; moving the cargo of a single heavy lander over long distances could take thousands of hours.

  • The Lunar Railroad: The Field Guide details a plan for a lunar rail network that dramatically increases the speed and volume of cargo transport.
  • Multi-Use Corridors: These rail lines would serve as integrated infrastructure conduits. Alongside the tracks, corridors would include wired power lines, data cables, and pipelines for gas and/or fluid transport. This “bundling” of services reduces the amortized cost for every company operating along the route.

Mining and the Metal Ecosystem

Sustainable settlement requires moving away from Earth-dependency through ISRU.

Conceptual illustration of the Lunar OXygen In-situ Experiment (LOXIE) Production Prototype, part of the Pioneer Astronautics (now part of Voyager Space Holdings) MMOST system. Credits: Mark Berggren / Pioneer Astronautics
  • The Circular Economy: The vision is a “reduce, reuse, recycle” ecosystem where expended rocket stages or other used assets are repurposed for storage and scrap metal is forged into new products on-site.

Orbital Infrastructure: Cislunar Supply Hubs

The economy extends beyond the Moon’s surface into cislunar space.

  • Space Harbors: Orbital aggregation hubs would act as deep-space analogs to terrestrial maritime ports hosting multiple value streams. Services would include rocket gas stations featuring robotic propellent transfer of stored hydrogen, oxygen, and methane; consolidated edge computing centers providing high-performance computing as a service such as autonomous docking calculations or mineral analysis by the hub’s more powerful servers; commodity sharing allowing arriving spacecraft to plug into the harbor to share excess solar power or fuel. By centralizing these activities, a space harbor would lower the mass of payloads a company must launch from Earth, effectively lowering the barrier to entry for any new commercial lunar venture. Arkisys has already begun to develop this type of infrastructure with The Port.
Conceptual illustration of The Port, a modular orbital platform under development by Los Alamitos, California-based Arkisys that will provide services for space assets such as refueling, battery recharging, thruster installation, repair, etc., laying the ground work for large-scale space harbors. Credit: Arkisys
  • Satellite “Retirement”: This model moves away from the “one-and-done” satellite paradigm toward a symbiotic system where older assets are repurposed as sharable resources contributing to the growth of the hub.

Economic and Legal Enablers

The Field Guide emphasizes that technology alone cannot build an economy; a transparent and predictable market framework will be needed.

Property Rights and Law

Under current international law (i.e. the Outer Space Treaty), nations cannot “own” the Moon. However, the Field Guide argues for “Continued Use” and “Allocated” rights, where companies can have exclusive control over the specific resources they extract and the infrastructure they build. The Artemis Accords provide the foundation for global consensus on these principles.

The Commodities Exchange and Board of Trade

To attract serious private capital, the Moon needs market transparency. The Field Guide recommends establishing a Space Commodities Exchange and a Lunar Board of Trade to define the quality and value of lunar resources like oxygen and regolith. This would allow for trading, hedging, and financing similar to terrestrial commodities like gold or oil.

Interoperability via the LOGIC Consortium

A major risk to a nascent economy is vendor lock-in where different companies’ hardware cannot communicate or share power without significant switching costs. To prevent this, DARPA established the Lunar Operating Guidelines for Infrastructure Consortium (LOGIC). LOGIC focuses on creating voluntary consensus standards for docking ports, power connectors, and communication protocols, ensuring the Moon becomes an open platform rather than a fragmented collection of proprietary systems.

Artist’s concept of commercial lunar infrastructure that would benefit from accelerating interoperability standards via LOGIC. Credits: DARPA

The Path to 2035

The Commercial Lunar Economy Field Guide concludes that while the engineering challenges of the Moon are “DARPA-hard,” they are solvable. By 2035, the goal is to reach break-even where the economy becomes self-sustaining and the risk for private investors is sufficiently lowered.

Successfully building this infrastructure will do more than just unlock the Moon; it will provide the operational experience, fuel and infrastructure (via ISRU) necessary for humanity to expand throughout the Solar System and eventually, to the stars. The Moon will no longer be just a destination for flags and footprints, but a key stepping stone on the path to becoming a spacefaring civilization.

Execution of the EO in Alignment with the Field Guide

To implement the Executive Order using the principles of the Field Guide the following actions should be prioritized with the caveat that the deadlines specified in the EO will be challenging to meet using many of the technologies in the Field Guide, given they’re current TRLs. Still, regardless of aspirational timelines that may be pushed out, the actions below will ensure that when commercial lunar development comes together in the 2030s, it will be cost effective and sustainable.

Action 1: Immediate Transition to Lunar Commodity Contracts

  • The Problem: Procurement of traditional government-owned hardware is slow and expensive.
  • Implementation: Within the 180-day window mandated by the EO, NASA and the Dept. of Commerce should issue Multi-Service RFPs. Instead of buying a rover, the government should buy “Kilometers of Cargo Transport” or “Megawatts of Night-time Power” from commercial infrastructure nodes described in the Field Guide.
  • Lead Agency: NASA (Commercial Moon to Mars Program).

Action 2: Deploy the Lunar Rail Pilot Program

  • The Problem: The EO’s 2030 call for a permanent outpost cannot be sustained long term by slow, battery-limited rovers.
  • Implementation: Accelerate the Field Guide’s Lunar Rail concept to connect the 2028 landing site to the 2030 outpost location. This would create an industrial corridor that bundles multiple services, e.g. power, data, and transportation, to reduce the cost of individual missions. Such linear easements along railroads would serve as the logistical spine for moving massive cargo fostering economic development in accordance with the EO.
  • Lead Agency: DARPA (transitioning to Space Force/NASA).

Action 3: Codify the Lunar Board of Trade

  • The Problem: The EO seeks $50B in private investment, but investors need price certainty.
  • Implementation: Use the Field Guide’s framework to establish a Lunar Commodities Exchange. Define the “Lunar Standards” for oxygen and water purity. This allows private companies to “pre-sell” resources they will mine in the near future to finance their current operations.
  • Lead Agency: Department of Commerce (Office of Space Commerce).

Action 4: Integrate “Defense-by-Commerce” in Cislunar Space

  • The Problem: The EO calls for US superiority and threat detection in cislunar space.
  • Implementation: Equip the Field Guide’s Infrastructure Hubs with Space Situational Awareness (SSA) sensors. By hosting defense sensors on commercial power/comms nodes, the U.S. achieves the responsive and adaptive architecture required by the EO at a fraction of the cost of dedicated military satellites.
  • Lead Agency: U.S. Space Force.

Conclusion

The Commercial Lunar Economy Field Guide is a ready-made roadmap for implementation of the Whitehouse’s Executive Order on Ensuring American Space Superiority. By treating the Moon as an industrial zone the administration can meet the prescribed milestones through commercial leverage and ISRU rather than massive new government spending. Execution of the plan should focus on contractual reform—buying services from the infrastructure nodes as defined in the Field Guide. With power, comms and security systems in place, companies like Galactic Resource Utilization (GRU) Space can build hotels on the Moon starting in the early 2030s to house scientists, entrepreneurs and maybe even tourists as described in their white paper.

Artist rendering of GRU Space’s hotel on the Moon. Credit: GRU Space
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Proposal for an International Lunar Resource Prospecting Campaign

Artist’s depiction of the NASA Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) locating and assessing the concentration of ice and other resources near the Moon’s South Pole. Credits: NASA / Daniel Rutter

NASA and space settlement advocates are justifiably excited about resources on the Moon, especially water ice known to be present in permanently shadowed regions (PSR) at the lunar poles, because of it’s potential as a source of oxygen and fuel that could be sourced in situ saving the costs of transporting these valuable commodities from Earth.  But how much ice is actually available, accessible and can be processed into useable commodities?  In other words, in terms defined by the U.S. Geological survey, what are the proven reserves?  A reserve is a subset of a resource that can be economically and legally extracted. 

By way of background, under NASA’s Moon to Mars (M2M) Architecture where the agency is defining a roadmap for return to the Moon and then on to the Red Planet, an Architecture Definition Document (ADD) with the aim of creating an interoperable global lunar utilization infrastructure was released last year.  The goals articulated in the document are to enable the U.S. industry and international partners to maintain continuous robotic and human presence on the lunar surface for a robust lunar economy without NASA as the sole user, while accomplishing science objectives and testing technology that will be needed for operations on Mars. 

Of the nine Lunar Infrastructure (LI) goals in the ADD, LI-7 addresses the need to demonstrate in situ resource utilization (ISRU) through delivery of an experiment to the lunar South Pole, the objective of which would be demonstrating industrial scale ISRU capabilities in support of a continuous human lunar presence and a robust lunar economy.  LI-8 aims to demonstrate a) the capability to transfer propellant from one spacecraft to another in space; b) the capability to store propellant for extended durations in space and c) the capability to store propellant on the lunar surface for extended durations – defining the objective to validate technologies supporting cislunar orbital/surface depots, construction and manufacturing maximizing the use of in-situ resources, and support systems needed for continuous human/robotic presence.

To accomplish these goals NASA initiated a series of Lunar Surface Science Workshops starting in 2020.  The results of workshops 17 and 18  held in 2022 were summarized last January in a paper by Neal et al. in Acta Astronautica and discussed recently at a Future In-Space Operations (FISO) Telecon on 2/14/2024 in a presentation by Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium (LSIC) members Karl Hibbitts, Michael Nord, Jodi Berdis and Michael Miller.  These efforts identified a conundrum: there is not enough data to establish how much proven reserves of lunar water ice are available to inform economically viable plans for ISRU on the Moon.  Thus, a resource prospecting campaign is needed to address this problem.  International cooperation on such an initiative, perhaps in the context of the Artemis Accords, makes sense to share costs while enabling the signatories of the Accords (39 as of this post) to realize economic benefits from commerce in a developing cislunar economy.

The campaign concept proposes a 3-tiered approach. First, confirming ice is present in the PSRs near potential Artemis landing sites – this could be done by low altitude orbital reconnaissance using neutron spectroscopy, radar and other techniques. Next, surface rovers already on the drawing board such as the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER), would be deployed to locate specific reserves.

Finally, detailed characterization of the reserve using rovers leveraging capabilities learned from VIPER and optimized for reconnaissance in the PSRs. Some technological improvements would be needed in this final phase to address power and long duration roving under the expected extreme conditions. Nuclear power sources and wireless power beaming from solar arrays on the crater rims, both requiring further development, could solve these challenges. This technology will be directly transferrable to equipment needed for excavation, which will face the same power and reliability hurdles in the ultra cold darkness of the PSRs.

As mentioned in the FISO presentation and pointed out by Kevin Cannon in a previous post by SSP, how water ice is distributed in lunar regolith “endmembers” is a big unknown and could be quite varied.  Characterization during this last phase is paramount before equipment can be designed and optimized for economic extraction.

Artist’s impression of different types of lunar water ice / regolith endmembers, characterization of which will be required before extraction methods and equipment can be validated. Credits: Lena Jakaite / strike-dip.com / Colorado School of Mines

The authors of the paper acknowledge that coordinating an international effort will be difficult but involving all stakeholders will foster cooperation and shape positive legal policy within the framework of the Artemis Accords to comply with the Outer Space Treaty.  

From the conclusion of the paper:

“If the reserve potential is proven, the benefits to society on Earth would be immense, initially realized through job growth in new space industries, but new technologies developed for sending humans offworld and commodities made from lunar resources could have untold important benefits for society back here.”

George Sowers, whose research was referenced in the paper and covered by SSP, believes that “Water truly is the oil of space” that will kickstart a cislunar economy.  Once reserves of lunar water ice are proven to exist through a prospecting campaign and infrastructure is placed to enable economically feasible mining and processing for use as rocket fuel and oxygen for life support systems, technology improvements and automation will reduce costs.    If it can be made competitive with supply chains from Earth lunar water will be the liquid gold that opens the high frontier.

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Moonwards: making our future on the Moon

Conceptual illustration looking up the length of a Moon Town residential habitat built in a trench going down the crater wall. Plants cover its roof, walls, and foundation. Credits: Kim Holder, CC-BY 4.0. NOTE: all images are similarly credited

SSP has posted about Moonwards in the past.  Kim Holder, creator of the realistic virtual lunar colony online game was recently interviewed on Hotel Mars by John Bachleor of CBS Eye on World and David Livingston of The Space Show.  Kim’s website is starting to mature to a point where I thought it was time to get an update and a deeper dive into her vision of our future living on the Moon. I caught up with Kim last week via email.

SSP: Thanks for taking the time to collaborate on this post Kim.  You’ve said that accurately depicting and roleplaying the activities of living on the Moon in a colony called Moon Town built by, and shared by, the players will help show the world the benefits of space development and a positive future.  Why do you think a role-playing online game is the best vehicle to accomplish this vision?

KH: Because interacting over time with a detailed simulation allows people to absorb what it means. It allows people to pick up knowledge about space development as they play. That’s a kind of learning that sticks. And the more players expand the vision, creating an ever cooler place with more things to see and do, the more they will feel a connection with that vision. They will naturally think about it more, talk about it more, pass on things about it to their friends and family. The kinds of dialogues they are able to have about it will gain depth and breadth, the more they work on it and see how others have worked on it.

“We need to understand what’s coming and make sure we do this right.”

It’s long been said that simulations of this kind will become a major means of education and research once the software and hardware to make them matures. Well, we’re arriving at that day. It’s a question of properly designing them now, to best serve our needs. I think space development is clearly the best choice of theme for the first such simulated environment, and a game based on creation and collaboration is the best design paradigm for it. I’d say there is no issue in the world so misunderstood and undervalued. We need to understand what’s coming and make sure we do this right. Otherwise it will take longer to see the massive benefits, and there are lots of things that could go really wrong.

Depiction of an android accompanying a resident in the shared kitchen, dining area, and spa facility of a neighborhood in Moon Town

SSP: You’ve done a lot of research to make the future technology of Moonwards scientifically accurate to give users a realistic prediction of what it will be like to live and work in space.   Why is this important?

KH: There’s lots of places out there where people can enjoy a space fantasy, and I’m a fan of a bunch of them. But to bring home why it’s important to devote big resources to space development, we have to leave no doubt that the benefits we portray will really happen once enough space infrastructure exists. I’ve generally been conservative about what’s portrayed so there’s no gap where someone could say it’s not gonna happen because this or that is fanciful. This is of course difficult because there’s so much we don’t know.

It’s the medical stuff that’s especially hard to account for, as you well know, John. In order for people to enjoy the game it has to portray a beautiful, exciting place. If it doesn’t do that nobody will be interested and it won’t achieve anything. I decided not to build the town in a lava tube, the place widely recognized as the safest, easiest place to build at scale on the moon. The most important reason I chose a large, young crater instead was to present that beautiful, exciting place. However huge a cavern is – and lava tubes on the moon could be hundreds of meters wide and thousands long, in theory – I didn’t feel it could be filled with a city nearly as attractive as one in a crater. No matter that it gives complete protection from radiation and dust, and it’s relatively easy to pressurize the entire thing. Once we can, I’m pretty sure we’ll make big fancy cities in craters or mountains, not tunnels. We’ll do what it takes to create a healthy place to live that has the sunshine and big outdoor views humans have evolved with. I’ve had arguments with people about that but I stick to it. It gives me an opportunity to discuss what systems would be needed and how they could be made on the moon. It gives people a relatable way to learn about such things, and to ponder both the vast scale of this undertaking, and that it’s entirely feasible.

“This isn’t about exploring space. This is about changing human existence. We have to demonstrate this can really be done.”

As people play this game, I want real questions to well up in them for the game world to properly answer. If you want people to really question whether this kind of vast industry and construction is both possible and desirable in space, a place of beauty and wonder has to instill those questions. Then, they must be answered thoroughly with the best science we have. Moonwards isn’t shy about scale, we show things that couldn’t be built without a robotic workforce rivaling the human workforce that built the Panama Canal. When someone is convinced something like that can really be made, that person becomes a true convert. This isn’t about exploring space. This is about changing human existence. We have to demonstrate this can really be done.

Image of a Moon Town resident outside in a capsule spacesuit, on the roof of the first park, with its giant window. The main park is in the distance, its giant stone arches protecting the space from radiation but letting in lots of sun

SSP: Moonwards is open source to encourage collaboration among “Makers” to build out the community of Moon Town.  Who are these Makers and what qualifications do they need to participate?

KH: The communities we’ll be wooing directly will be those of space science and industry, and amateur game developers. We need a few more things done before actively bringing in a select few from those communities. The first set of Makers will advise us on design and test our collaboration tools. They’ll use those tools to add things to the game world once we’ve got the version that makes the process a pleasure. Beyond that point, the task is to grow a culture of Makers who decide themselves how the town develops. We just support that process – giving them more and better tools, adding new game destinations for them to work on (eventually starting with an O’Neill cylinder once Moonwards is established), helping polish what they make, and building a rapport with them so together we make the best vision of the future we can.

“Makers develop the major parts of the town, all the things that really require sound engineering.”

So, while initially we’ll be seeking out a small group of people with qualifications that leave no doubt they know how to design this simulation properly, once that group takes the lead in creating content, it will be their opinion of submissions that determines who joins the Maker ranks. We’ll set up the means for anyone to submit proposed content. A critique process will assist with refinements. If your submission meets standards, it’ll be approved and you become a Maker, with all the privileges that go with that. Anyone who does their homework and learns from feedback can acquire that status.

You see, Makers develop the major parts of the town, all the things that really require sound engineering. All such things need good review before being included, and also an active community that integrates new stuff into the whole, considering the overall design and needs of the town. There will be plenty of things that are the ordinary day to day parts of a living town that any player can create and add, and that’s just up to them, and anyone else who shares a space with them. They can make their own home and its contents, things for their neighborhood, shops and markets, even things like animals, robots, and human characters. Makers are a different deal. They expand the town itself and have a big voice in new cities. where to locate them, and how to portray them.

View from outside the ecosystem research lab, showing the ilmenite reactors producing iron and oxygen in the distance. Two robotic rovers are visible center right.

SSP: In the (hopefully near) future when the Full Town Life is realized, visitors will be able to cooperate using a Collaboration App to develop ideas and projects in a workshop space with a suite of 3D modeling tools.  How do you envision this functionality furthering space development?  Can you give some examples of how it would be used?

KH: (Rubs hands.) Well, I talked above about how Makers will be a culture of informed people able to make good realistic designs for space. So, let’s say a few of them are playing with ideas for systems to transport ore from mines to processing reactors. We’ll start with trucks designed for that. Maybe they wonder if conveyor belts are better for production beyond a certain scale. They draft something for that, and once they are done for the day, the work-in-progress is on display in the studio section of the main habitats. Someone passing by looks at it and realizes they haven’t accounted for the dust that will be flying around in much greater quantities in mining areas. They attach a note about it to the gears that are too exposed, perhaps including a quick 3D sketch of a protective casing, or a link to a library item that could be adapted for a fix. Someone else passes by, thinks it over, and leaves a note with a calculation of what production level would justify this and whether it makes sense. A third person takes a look, and adds a comment to the note about production levels concerning how ore quality could impact the calculation.

“…nothing stops real researchers from using our code and assets to help create simulations adequate for real engineering modeling.”

By the time the original team comes back to work on it some more, someone has proposed an alternate solution using a sort of cable car system with movable posts, and begun working on it in a nearby area of the studio. Someone’s suggested different kinds of buckets used to get the ore from the trench or shaft to the conveyor belt that then clip onto the belt and are taken away. They ask to officially join the team. Someone has provided a miniature map of the main mining zones for use in mocking up the routes for the conveyor belts so they can be optimized, and attached it to the project.

These things can all happen because people actually walk past other people’s work in the game. When they do, they are already in an environment that allows them to play around with the model and attach all sorts of things to it, without changing the version the team behind it is working on. Good design will create the best possible environment for collaboration we’ve ever had.

How much of that will transfer directly to the real world is impossible to say. We have hopes that with growth the quality and capabilities of the simulation aspect of the game will be so high, things created this way will genuinely shape real world designs. This is one of the reasons for the main project to be open source – that way nothing stops real researchers from using our code and assets to help create simulations adequate for real engineering modeling. Then, that can be contributed back to Moonwards and we can adapt it so the game is a better simulation. It can become a virtuous cycle.

Aside from whether real technology might actually be drafted in Moonwards, definitely people will pick up how to engineer by playing. There is huge potential for mentorship, training in creative problem solving, and evaluation of concepts in an environment that makes communicating complex ideas so much easier.

SSP: Eventually, there will be the capability of hosting events such as concerts, live plays, gallery displays, special interviews or discussions.  Why would this be an attractive place for visitors to experience events like these?

KH: The kinds of events that I imagine being really successful will draw on the environment, and the nature of the community. Let’s focus on large events, on a scale that requires high bandwidth to work. It’ll take a while to create that capability, but it’s the part that’s really fun.

“With amazing realism quickly becoming possible even in real time 3D rendering, … such events could be fantastic.”

If you go to a concert or a play, the avatars of the audience could be scaled down to be an inch tall, and be free to fly around a space half a meter high by 10 meters wide by 3 deep, arching around the front of the stage just a meter from the performers. You could see the avatars of the viewers closest to you, and anyone you came with, but those farther away could appear just as little lights. The performers could jazz up the event by switching at will between all kinds of avatars, and adding anything they want to the environment. With amazing realism quickly becoming possible even in real time 3D rendering, and live recording of real people in full 3D also quickly maturing, such events could be fantastic.

Of course, Moonwards is a tiny project compared to other ventures pushing into 3D platforms. But we have two advantages that could be a big deal. First, we are the first venture of this kind to be principally open source. Add-ons can be proprietary (some of ours will be, as will the server code), but the main bulk of the project will remain open source. This is attractive to people wishing to experiment with the medium, or who wish to be sure their personal data isn’t being exploited, or who would rather the Metaverse (aka the 3D web) doesn’t grow up to be dominated by a few giant companies, like social media is. It’s possible that could be a decisive factor in who grows over the next decade.

Second, our tribe is those who love space and futurism. If you want to hang out at events with our kind of people, then come to our events. Nobody else will offer a lecture about the formation of Lalande Crater in which the audience is inside a simulation of the impact event.

SSP: In May Moonwards launched a contest to begin upgrades to the virtual infrastructure of Moon Town.  Called “Create Lunar Infrastructure in Moonwards Baby!” or CLIMB!, the initiative was intended to draw in Makers to bring the game alive, with proposals submitted over the summer to compete for prizes.  How is the contest going?

KH: OK, part of me is tempted to skip this, but another part thinks it’s better to answer. Making this game has been hard up to now. Really, it’s going a lot better than it was – a lot – and we’ve already gotten farther along than most startup video game ventures get at this point. Still, we are a small team on a shoestring budget who go through many unexpected turns. Other tasks meant we were obliged to launch the contest later than we should have, with less resources than we’d have liked. Then an opportunity appeared to enter a business plan contest run by the National Space Society, taking place during the same time as CLIMB!. (Check it out – https://spacebizplan.nss.org/details/). That meant the person working on the contest – me – instead turned full time to writing the business plan. That includes moving up some revisions to the layout of Moon Town so they can be shown off in the plan.

We made some good contacts during the brief time we were actively promoting CLIMB!, but it seems clear there won’t be submissions this year. We’ll take what we’ve learned and make a bigger, better contest next year. We feel having regular contests for new content of various kinds will really help bring in Makers and spread the word.

SSP: Much of the laborious tasks in Moon Town are done by robots.  What will the inhabitants do there and what will be the economic benefits and incentives for average people to want to migrate there permanently?

“The answer to what people will do there is, what they are passionate about.”

KH: Ah the future – so much to think about. To scale up industry and transport in the Earth-moon system to the point where some goods from the moon can be sold for a profit on Earth, you really have to go all out with automation. You have to make maximum use of the fact the moon has no biosphere to harm, and turn all labor over to robots that can work in really dangerous environments. Once you manage to have robots make more robots using materials on the moon, and energy beamed from space solar power arrays powers the factories and transport, prices will drop and drop until you can compete with industry on Earth. Ok, if you buy that, then Moon Town is going to be the robot Mecca of the future. Robots don’t just do most of the laborious tasks, they do them all. Running a closed ecosystem on a world so hostile an unprotected person would die in less than a minute requires great care. People just plain aren’t trusted to always do everything important right. Robots do all that. The answer to what people will do there is, what they are passionate about.

I mean, it isn’t like robots won’t have taken most jobs on Earth by that time too. We’re going to have to decide how to assign value to things in a way that rewards merit in a world like that. What can humans do that even intelligent robots can’t? Things that have great emotional value to other humans. Things that help us define who we are. Arts. Sports. Caregiving. Spirituality. Exploration.

Now, that isn’t necessarily to say that a lot of average people will migrate permanently. At least, not to the town we are portraying first. It’s not a huge place, there is a lot a person would have to give up to live there. [See next question]. The city that comes after it would be better suited to welcome average people. The human population of Moon Town will be researchers and top engineers who benefit from being able to take a close look at their work on-site, artists, athletes, and a few administrators. Moon Town plans to embed depictions of their lives as stories woven into the world. Oh, also people with major disabilities who are taking advantage of how Moon Town permits body alteration on a level not legal on Earth, especially advantageous in a controlled, low gravity environment. And some people taking a shot at immortality. Literally.

SSP: Its been said that a space settlement will not be completely self-supporting and independent of Earth until children can be born and raised there.  Moonwards deals with human health in the Moon’s 1/6 gravity environment through the use of centrifuges to dose inhabitants for 3 hours a day of 1G conditioning to mitigate the known deleterious effects of lower gravity to human health.  But there appears to be no mention of children in Moonwards culture.  Given Moonward’s rigorous scientific accuracy, is the lack of children because of our knowledge gaps with respect to the gravity prescription?  Will this evolve over time as the Moonwards community is informed by advances in space medicine?

KH: Yes, it’s because of the knowledge gaps. It’s definitely completely unclear whether it’s possible to bear and raise healthy children on the moon. We also can’t anticipate in any way how we might work around that, if it isn’t possible. I’ll be comfortable depicting children in the O’Neill cylinder in orbit. We’ll get to that simulation in due course. With that option sitting there, why get into how to do it on the moon?

(PS – 3 hours a day is of course a total guess and was chosen to be relatively easy to work into gameplay. Media in the game will explain things like this.)

SSP: Speaking of centrifuges for human health in low gravity environments, your design of the health “Carousel” assumes a radius of 16 meters.  This relatively small size, as you have acknowledged, could lead to severe Coriolis effects potentially resulting in severe disorientation and nausea.  Have you considered a larger centrifuge design such as the one proposed by Gregory Dorais with a radius of 75 meters which could reduce the impact of Coriolis effects, and since Moonwards is depicted far enough in the future that this type of technology could be achievable?

KH: To be fair, the centrifuge portrayed right now is one of the first, in a hab that can’t accommodate anything bigger. The bet is that people who use the apparatus regularly adapt to the way it affects the inner ear, and then are able to use it without issue. This is the theory Al Globus puts forth, with a decent amount of evidence to back it up, based on experiments with centrifuges over the years. But as the town expands, centrifuges are made bigger and bigger.

I’m currently planning a thorough revisit to the town’s design. We are at a juncture in development where it makes sense to change and refine the models of the town, and I intend to take that pretty far. This time, the first habs built will be upright cylinders with rounded ends such that it’s possible to ride a bike around the walls so fast that you are pressed towards the wall with a force of one gravity. Nod of the hat to Jeff Greason for pointing that out. Then the first centrifuge will go in, not sure of the radius but at a guess, 40 meters. The bigger habs will be able to accommodate ones much larger still. But those will be in the hands of the Makers. I’m just making the first few things, and giving ample space for others to expand.

SSP: Currently, space exploration and development is primarily funded by government entities and is regulated by the Outer Space Treaty.  As such, these activities are by nature geo-political.  You’ve chosen not to deal with these challenges that will inevitably shape our future in space, and leap frogged ahead with the assumption that those issues have been solved.  Is the hope that people will be so attracted to the abundant resources and opportunities that Moonwards has to offer, that they will overcome their differences and come together to make it happen?

“Let’s focus on getting across how much better life will be if we pull this off. That’s what matters.”

KH: Heck, I don’t just assume they’ve been solved. I assume the very best decisions have been made along the whole journey, to lead to the very best outcome for space development.

The exercise here is to explore our potential. It’s also important to see how this could go wrong, but as soon as you get into that, you fail to communicate the thing that matters most. This isn’t another chapter in geopolitical expansion, akin to the colonial era. This goes right off the map of anything humanity has ever experienced.  Let’s focus on getting across how much better life will be if we pull this off. That’s what matters.

Visit Moonwards to download the game free of charge and start collaborating. Although somewhat dated, check out Kim’s appearance with Dr. Livingston, Haym Benaroya and myself on the Moonwards Panel at the 2017 Icarus Interstellar Starship Congress in Monterey, California.

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Lunar Farming

Layout of a potential subsurface lunar farm. Credits: International Space University and University of South Australia

A report called Lunar Agriculture, Farming for the Future was published this year by an international team of 27 students participating in the Southern Hemisphere Space Studies Program 2020 at the International Space University held at the University of South Australia. The report outlines the design of an early stage lunar farm housed in either partially or fully subsurface enclosures to mitigate risks from radiation, micrometeorite bombardment and extreme temperature swings. The settlement would be located near one of the Moon’s poles to take advantage of nearly constant exposure to sunlight and access to lunar ice.

The stated mission of the project was:

“To recommend and outline a vision for sustainable lunar agriculture that can suport the nutritional requirements of humans and allow them to thrive.”

The choice of crops were selected based on nutritional value as well as physiological and psychological needs. They included a variety of plants such as tomatoes, carrots, garden cress, sweet potatoes, soybeans, peanuts, rice, and oyster mushrooms. The team also included cloudberry cell cultures and insects (crickets) for protein on the menu.

Management of the settlement was envisioned to be governed by an international authority that would hew to the Outer Space Treaty.

Just for fun, compare this report to the article “Farming on the Moon” published 29 years ago in Volume 2 No. 3 of Space Colonization Progress available in the Vintage Section.

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Beyond Earth Institute publishes policy recommendations to accelerate space settlement

Illustration of an early space settlement. Credits: Beyond Earth Institute, Inc.

The newly formed nonprofit just issued their June 2020 BE Report outlining what steps need to be taken by government and industry in the areas of export controls, best practices and multilateral agreements to foster a future where millions of people will be living and working in space, while in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty.

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Executive order authorizes the commercial use of space resources

The document states that “Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space, consistent with applicable law. Outer space is a legally and physically unique domain of human activity, and the United States does not view it as a global commons. Accordingly, it shall be the policy of the United States to encourage international support for the public and private recovery and use of resources in outer space, consistent with applicable law”

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Property rights and space settlement

Does the Outer Space Treaty allow the establishment of property rights for space settlement? Rand Simberg explains that through the use of multilateral agreements among like-minded nations, the accord may actually be more permissive then originally thought

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Elon Musk vs. Planetary Protection

If humanity is to settle Mars, with Elon Musk leading the way, the issue of biological contamination of the planet’s surface by humans will need to be resolved in the context of the Outer Space Treaty.  This article presents a reasonable compromise proposing a system of three zones partitioned for science, habitation, and resource utilization. This approach minimizes contamination while providing for scientific exploration and Musk’s settlements.