Lunar Pantheon Habitat with circular 50 meter wide growing area. Credits: Nick Woolf and Roger Angel / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
A novel concept for a lunar polar settlement built like the ancient Roman Pantheon has just been published in the Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society A. The stone structure, making full use of local in situ resources, would harness focused solar energy for construction, food production and atmospheric revitalization. The habitat would provide life support for at least 40 people with a greenhouse as large as 2000 square meters with crops illuminated by focused sunlight through a top circular oculus.
Space is Open for Business by Robert Jacobson is a must-read for all potential “astropreneurs” (entrepreneurs involved the NewSpace economy), space advocates, investors or anyone who wants to keep current on space commerce and its impact on the future of humanity. This book is a refreshingly positive view of our future in space, a welcome alternative outlook in stark contrast to many dystopian and negative predictions of where we’re headed in today’s media.
Jacobson covers all aspects of the nascent space economy which has already begun to grow in leaps and bounds, and is headed for explosive growth in the near future. No stone is left unturned by his deep research of all aspects of space commerce, with scores of interviews of executives from both established and small startup space companies.
I especially liked the Sci-Fi and Society chapter in which Jacobson talks about science fiction “illuminating the possibility of the space frontier”. Much of what is now happening in space was predicted in science fiction in the last century. Many CEOs and executives of NewSpace companies were inspired to pursue careers in science or engineering through science fiction books, televisions shows and movies.
Eventually, humanity will evolve to migrate off Earth and establish space settlements throughout the solar system and eventually among the stars. Development of the technologies and commercial activities for space settlement have the potential to create vast wealth, bring billions of people out of poverty and preserve Earth’s natural environment. Jacobson has provided a hopeful glimpse of how the space businesses supporting this effort will manifest this destiny.
From the Executive Summary: “Evolved lunar surface exploration and ultilisation scenarios reflect plans for a near-term series of robotic missions followed by humans returning to the Moon in this decade. Rather than looking at individual missions, the scenario depicts a stepwise development of an increasingly capable lunar transportation system to the lunar surface, traversing systems on the lunar surface, and infrastructure supporting them that will enable cooperative science and human exploration efforts leading toward a sustained presence on the lunar poles and incorporating lunar surface activities as analogues in preparation for human missions to Mars.”
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano loads microbes into the Kubik centrifuge facility on the International Space Station. Credits: ESA
A research team at the University of Edinburgh in the UK has just published an analysis of data from an experiment on the International Space Station that could lead to “biomining” on Mars or an asteroid. Published in Nature Communications on November 10, Cockell, C.S., Santomartino, R., Finster, K. et al.* present experimental results demonstrating microbiological leaching of rare Earth elements from basalt rock, an analogue for much of the regolith material on the Moon and Mars. Called BioRock, the ESA sponsored experiment examined three species of microorganisms under variable gravity conditions in the Kubik centrifuge facility located in Europe’s Columbus module on the ISS.
This technology is a significant breakthrough for in situ resource utilization. By “living off the land” on the Moon, Mars or an asteroid, space settlers could have an available source of valuable materials used in electronic devices and many other high-technology applications. These rare Earth elements and the traditional heavy mining equipment needed to extract them would not have to be launched from Earth, significantly reducing transportation and processing costs. Positive results were found under Earth gravity, Mars gravity and microgravity conditions. The authors conclude that the experiment “…shows the efficacy of microbe–mineral interactions for advancing the establishment of a self-sustaining permanent human presence beyond the Earth and the technical means to do that.”
Diagram depicting NASA’s Lunar Water ISRU Measurement Study (LWIMS). Credits: NASA
NASA just published a Technical Memorandum on its Lunar Water ISRU Measurement Study (LWIMS). The TM describes the establishment of a measurement plan for identification and characterization of a water reserve on the Moon. This program would support the Artemis program to achieve a sustainable lunar presence by 2028.
Three primary data inputs feed information into the system. First, predictive modeling provides a ‘water favorability’ index to map out locations on the Moon with water ice potential. This algorithm is fed data by orbital measurements providing information on a regional scale. It is critical that this orbital data is interpreted properly for water-favorable sites on the Moon. To ensure accuracy, lunar landers will take surface measurements in a series of three phases: mobile reconnaissance for validation of the predictive model, focused exploratory missions to verify water’s presence and final reserve mapping to inform an ISRU ice mining plant by 2028.
Diagram depicting ESA’s program for space resource utilization such as harvesting lunar water and oxygen for rocket propellant and space manufacturing. Credits: Angeliki Kapoglou, ESA
A proposal submitted by ESA’s Angeliki Kapoglou, has been posted on the ESA website that defines a process for evaluating maturing technologies by the European space agency in cooperation with companies in the region. Called ESA Space Resources Utilisation Program, the proposal identifies the potential for a commercial market for water, oxygen and other products sourced from the Moon within the next decade as multiple space agencies plan for humans to return to the lunar surface. The program will position European countries and businesses to be major players in economic activities such as off-Earth propellant production, on-orbit refueling, autonomous in-space manufacturing using resources harvested from space, and robust construction on the lunar surface to support a sustained human presence.
The mission statement of the program is:
“Enable Europe through ESA to be well placed to benefit from the identification, acquisition, and development of space resources with important benefits for society on Earth. SRU will also provide an important reduction on the cost of other space missions…
We propose a series of small and rapid mission activities, to build capability and demonstrate key technologies for the utilisation of space resources. This will ensure that Europe is positioned for the Solar System gold rush that is coming and which will likely kick start with a cislunar economy with benefits for Earth. This constitutes a timely response to a rapidly evolving scenario for space resources.”
The program is expected to cost 100 million € and deliver key findings before the end of 2022.
Artist’s rendition of Airbus lunar lander with ROXY on board. Credits: Airbus
In a breakthrough experiment last month, a team led by Airbus Defence and Space (Friedrichshafen, Germany) has for the first time produced oxygen and other metals from simulated lunar soil with a proprietary process called Regolith to OXYgen and Metals Conversion, or ROXY. The revolutionary new process could be the core of an ISRU value chain on the moon, providing oxygen for habitats or rocket fuel, with added byproducts of metals and alloys as feedstock for additive manufacturing of building materials. This would significantly reduce the cost of settlements on the Moon as the construction materials could be fabricated in situ, without the need to be brought from Earth. Check out Airbus’ animation of ROXY here.
Airbus thinks that the ROXY reactor could have beneficial environmentally friendly applications on Earth as well:
“On Earth, ROXY opens a new pathway to drastically reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases that result from production of metals.” Since the process is essentially free of emissions “…these environmental impacts could be reduced, providing a significant contribution to the UN sustainability goals – another example of how space technologies can improve life on Earth”
Illustration of a hybrid lunar inflatable structure. Credits: Rohith Dronadula
This month’s issue of Acta Astonautica features a rigorous engineering analysis of a hybrid lunar inflatable structure (HLIS), a habitat design that combines a collapsible rigid framework with an inflatable dome. The concept is based on a masters thesis by Rohith Dronadula under the direction of friend of SSP, Professor Haym Benaroya. Although the article is behind a paywall, SSP got permission to link a pdf of the article.
Dronadula took inspiration for the concept from the functionality of an umbrella. The design is simple in form yet robust in structural integrity. It can be autonomously launched from Earth and deployed through telepresence on the Moon. The structure is not only adaptable to most of the Moon’s habitable areas but also durable enough to withstand the extremes of lunar environments. The author recommends deployment within a lava tube and provides rigorous engineering calculations on the proposed materials and structures leading to a stable design with a safety factor of 6.
When humans go back to the moon in next few decades we will be able to survive and thrive in the harsh lunar environment by living in Dronadula HLISs.
Artist rendering of LOXSAT 1, a demonstrator satellite for a cryogenic oxygen fluid management system. Credits: Eta Space
A small Florida Space Coast start up founded by NASA employees called Eta Space was just awarded a 2020 NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate “Tipping Point” contract to develop the first low Earth orbit cryogenic propellant depot. Management of cryogenic fuels is a key technology for storing propellent in space, which will be a component of a transportation infrastructure supported by in situ resource utilization such as ice mining on the moon for processing into rocket fuel. A key focus of the work by Eta Space will be standardization of equipment interfaces allowing multiple customers to tap into storage capability on orbit.
Eta Space’s LOXSAT 1 mission concept will test a range of cryogenic fuel management processes in space over 9 months specific to liquid oxygen management. LOX is a common oxidizer used across multiple propellant systems by several launch providers and is the heaviest cryogenic fluid needed by most customers.
Illustration of Intuitive Machines’ Lunar Lander. Credits: Intuitive Machines
As part of the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, NASA has selected Intuitive Machines to deliver ice harvesting equipment called Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment (PRIME-1) to the Moon’s south pole. In a press release from yesterday, Intuitive stated that the instrument package includes a drill to excavate ice ladened regolith and a mass spectrometer to characterize the volatiles, the data from which will be used by the VIPER mission to follow shortly thereafter. Knowing how much water is available and how accessible it is will inform subsequent in situ resource utilization efforts needed for sustainable human outposts planned for later this decade.
